LATIN GRAMMAR

FOR

BIGINNERS

(An Introductory Course of Latin Language)

Rev. Fr. Urban Corraya

Holy Spirit Major Seminary

Banani, Dhaka

2002

LESSON-1

Basic Concept of Latin

1. Latin Alphabets

The Latin alphabet contained twenty three letters: They are:

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ

2. Pronunciation

A A B h C L Before a, o, u and P before e, i, and oe, ae as DIPHTHONGS, H n, I , K , L , M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T , V/U , X , Y , Z |

The Alphabets are divided into two classes, namely CONSONANT and VOWELS.

Consonant: B,C, D, F, G, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V,X, Y, Z

Vowels : A, E, I, O, U. (J) Pronounced like I, Y is pronounced like I.

3. Syllables

A is long (a) It is ends with A long vowel or Diphthong.

a) If it ends with TWO CONSONANTS or a double Consonant (X)

b) If it ends with a single consonant, when the following syllable begins with a consonant. All OTHER SYLLABLES are SHORT.

4. Accentuation

Accent is the STRESS given to a syllable in pronunciation RULLES FOR ACCENTUATION IN LATIN WORDS:-

a) In words of two syllables the First is accented; e.g. men, tandem.

b) In word of more than two syllables the accent is on the syllable. Last but one if that syllable is long; e.g. Romani, emendo;

c) In words more two syllables when the last but one is short, the accent goes to the last but two; e.g. Dominus, Rhodanus.

5. Diphthongs

AE- Long A as in English Take, gave. (Portae)

AU- Long as House in English; (AURUM)

EU- (SEU)

UI - (HUIC) as oui in French.

6. Double Consonants:

CH- Kh L, as INKHORN in English.

TH- Th _, as Hothouse in English

PH- Ph d, as TAPHOUSE in English

X- Ks , as AXE in English

TC- TC P, as CHALK in English

L- R _ , when combined with C, G, T, D, P, B, F, G with the second vowel when pronounced. Agrum- Ag-rum. Aflictum- af-lictum

Reading Practice:

Amen Dico vobis, ubicumque praedicatum fuerit hoc evangelium in toto mundo, dicetur et quod haec fecit in memoriam eius. nolite thesaurizare vobis thesauros in terra, ubi brugo et tinea demolitur. Simile est regnum caelorum fermento, quod acceptum muller abscondit in farinae satis tribus, donec fermentqatum est totum.

LESSON-1

Latin Nouns

1. Latin nouns have different endings to show the relation in which they stand to other words in the sentence. Thus:- means means table, mensae means or the table, mensarum- of the tables

2. The nouns, ad jectives, pronouns, verbs, STEM AND an INFLEXION.

3. The different Forms of nouns, adjectives and pronouns obtained by altering the Endings are called CASES.

4. There are Six Cases in Latin: they are Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative.

5. Declension - Conjugation-

6. There are Five Declensions and Four conjugations in Latin language.

7. The part of the word which is not changed in different forms is called STEM or BASE or ROOT of the word.

8. The part joining to the Stem. Root, Base is called ENDING, Termination.

9. First Declension: Mensa- ae (f) table

		Singular	Plural
1.	Nominative-	Mensa (Mens-a)	Mensae (Mens-ae)	Table
2.	Vocative	Mensa (Mens-a)	Mensae (Mens-ae)	O'table
3.	Accusative	Mensam (Mens-am)	Mensas (Mens-as)	Table
4.	Genitive	Mensae (Mens-ae)	Mensarum (Mens-arum)	of the table
5.	Dative	Mensam (Mens-ae)	Mensis (Mens-is)	to the table
6.	Ablative	Mensa (Mens-a)	Mensis (Mens-is)	by, with table

10. The Use of Cases in Sentence.

Nominative Case :	is used as the subject of a sentence: The table is long. Mensa longa est. (Longus-s-um: long)
V o c a t i v e :	Vocative is used to address a persons or thing:- O' table, you are the cause of Victory; Mensa, Victoriae (genitive case) causa ( Nominative case) es(2nd persons singular of "Esse" to be.)
A c c u s a t i v e :	Accusative - object of a verb: Mensam pirtat (He carries the Utable)
D a t i v e C a s e	With preposition by or with: He gives water to the table with bucket- Mensae aquam situla (Bucket) dat (He gives).

EXERCISE:

Nouns of the First Declnsion: - Nauta-ae(m) sailor; Puella-ao(f) girl; Aquila-ae (f) eggle; Ala-ae(f) wing; Case-ae(f) rose to the queen. c) The farmer's daughter shows the way. d) The sailor gives a spear to the farmer. e) The queen's daughter praises the farmer's cottage.

Translate into English: ao Regina terram pocuniam puellae dat. b) Puella agri-colam laudat. c) Regina terram laudat. d) Nauta casam amat. e) Agricola aquilae alam laudat.

More of the 1st Declension Words:

Ancilla-ae(f) maid-servant;

Anima-ae(f) soul;

Anglia-ae(f) England;

Ara- ae(f) alter;

Barba- ae(f) beared;

Causa- ae(f) cause;

Column-ae (f) column;

Corona-ae(f) Crown, wreath;

Dea-ae(f) goddes;

Epistola-ae(f) letter;

Fera-ae(f) wild beast; Gloriae (f) glory;

Flamma- ae(f) flame;

Gallia-ae(f) Gaul;

Gratia-ae(f) grace;

Turba- ae (f) crowed;

Vita- ae (f) life,

Incola- ae (f) inhabitant;

Herba- ae(f) herb, grass;

Hora ae(f) hour;

India-ae(f) India;

Ira-ae(f) anger; Lingua- ae(f) moon;

Maria-ae(f) Mary;

Musica-ae(f) Music;

Natura- ae (f) mature;

Patria-- ae (f)native, country, fatherland;

Planta- ae (f) plant;

Pluma- ae (f) feather;

Pluviae- ae (f)rain;

trumpet;

Turba- ae (f) crowed;

Vita- ae (f) life,

Incola- ae (f) inhabitant;

Pirata- ae (m) pirate;

Poeta- ae (m) poet;

Scriba- ae (m) writer, clerk;

Conviva-- ae (m) guest;

Athleta- ae (m) athlete;

Homicida- ae (m) murder-er;

Poena- ae (f) punishment;

Porta- ae (f) door, gate;

Praeda- ae (f) prey, booty;

Tipa- ae (f) bank of river;

Sagitta- ae (f) arrow;

Schola- ae (f) school;

Silva- ae (f) forest;

Spina- ae (f)Tuba- ae (f)

Some Verbs: 1st Conjunction:

Amo-are- avi; atum; to love; do-dare-dedi-datum: to give; Orno-are-avi-tum. to adorn;

Vito-are-avi atum: to avoid;

	Singular	Present Tense	Plural
1st perosn	Amo- I love		Amamus- we love
2nd person	Amas- you love		Amatis- you love
3rd person	Amant- He/she , it loves		Amant- they

Carries- i (m) Cars;

Taurus-i(m) Bull;

Equus-i (m) Horse;

Ventus-i (m) village;

Amicus-i (m) friend;

Hortus-i-(m) garden;

Dominus-i-(m) Lord;

Agnus-i-(m) lamb;

Deus- i-(m) wolf;

et-and;

non-not;

Clauddius-i-(m) Claudius;

Deus- i-(m) God;

Gladius-i-(m) sword;

Nuntius-i-(m) messenger;

Filius-i-(m) son;

Romanus-i-(m) A Roman;

Fluvious-i-(m) river;

Gallus-i-(m) a Gaul; Ager,

Agri-i-(m) field;

Est- (he, she, it) is;

Aper-i-(m) wild boar;

Culter-i-(m) knife;

asinus-i-(m) dunkey there are)

Currit-he, she, it) runs;

Currunt-they run; nune-now;

Gener-generi(m) son-in-low; socer-soceri-i-(m) father-in-law;Vir-virim man; Signifer-Signiferi (m) standard-bearer;

Vesper-vesperi (m) vening;

Liberi- liberorum-(m-pl) children;

Argentum-i-(n) silver; Arumpi-(n) gold;

Donym-i-(n) gift;

Oppidium-i-(n) town;

Periclum-i-(m) danger;

Praemium-i-(m)reward;

Templum-i-(n) town;

Arma-armorum (n- pl.) arms;

Castra-castronum-(n),pl) camp; Delectat-(he, she, it) delights;

Delectant- they delight;

Causa-ae-(f) cause;

Dea-ae-(f) goddess; Ira-ae-(f) anger;

Germania-ae-(f) Germany; Britannia-ae-(f) Britain;

Malum-i-(n) evil;

Laetitia-ae-(f) joy;

Patria-ae-(f) fatherland;

Praeda-ae-(f) booty; prey;

Saepe-often;

Semper- always;

Pelagues-i-(n) sea

Diana-ae-(f) Diana;

Neptunus-i(m) Neptune;

Translate into English:

1. Taurus agnos vulner

2. Amicus hortos habet

3. Amici taurus equum terret (frightnens)

4. Venti lupos non terrent

5. Puella aquam agno dat;

6. Agricola aquam tauris dat

7. Dominus vicorum equos laudat.

Translate into Latin:

1. The farmer gives a sword to the son;

2. The messenger of the Romans praises Claudius

3. The wswords of the Romans terrify the Gauls

4. They give swords and horses to the messengers

5. O'son, give wisdom to the romans;

6. The workmen are in the fields

7. The servants terrigy the workman with a knife.

Adjectives: of the First Class are declined like the first and second declensions; The Masculine like Dominus; the feminine like Mensa;; the neuter like donum.

acutus-a-un-sharp; Albus-a-um-white; Bonus-a-um-good; clarus-a-um:-famous, Ferus-a-um:wo;d; Gratus-a-um; pleasing; stultus-a-um: foolish; Longus-a-um:long; Magnus-a-um: great, bit; multus-a-um-: muchmmany; Parvus-a-um: small, little; Timidus-a-um: timid; Validus-a-um: strong tuus-a-um: Your(singular) Mous-a-um: my; Latus-a-um; broad, wide. Adjectives declined like Ager-agri: Aeger-aegra-aegrum; sick; sacer-sacra-rubrum: reed; Noster-nostra-nostrum: Our Vester-vestra-vestrum: your; Adjectives declined lik-Puer-i-(m) boy; Miser-mosera-miserum-writeched, Asper-aspera-asperum: rough; Dexter-dextera-dexterum: (Or) dextra-destrum; right; prosper-prospera-prosperum: prosperous; tener-tenera-tenerum: tender.

Rules of translation into Latin:

1. The article is lacking in Latin. It has no word for a, an, the. Mensa means table or a table or the table.

2. Order of words: In arranging the words in a Latin sentence put the verb last. Puella casam laudat.

3. The UGenitiveU case is often translated by of or 's. Puellao-girl's of a girl or of the girl. The Dative case is often translated by to or for. (Puellae- to the girl or for the girls).

4. The verb must agree with the Subject in number and person. The girl praises-puella laudat; The girls praise-Puellae laudant.

5. By, With, From or In are often used ot translate the Ablative. Puella by the girls, with the girls, from the girl, in the girl.

6. When an English verb is made Unegative it is often broken up into two works. The farmer praises the land. The farmer does not praise the land. In translating such sentences remember that the verb does praise is represented in latin by one word. The sentence really means the farmer praises not the land-Agricola terram non laudat.

7. The Latin preposition IN means both In and Into. In meaning In is followed by Ablative; The farmer is followed by Accusative.- The farmer runs into the field-agricola in agro est. The Latin Preposition Into is followed by Accusative. - The farmer runs into the field-agricola in agrum currit. In meaning Uresting in a place is followed by UAblative. In meaning into a motion towards a place is followed by the Accusative.

8. Declension of the 1st Class Adjectives are declinedithus: Bonus(m) Dominus-i-lord; Bona (f) like Rosa-rosae and Bonus(n) like do um-i-(n) Examples; bonus; bone; bonum; boni; bono; bono, Boni, boni, bonos, bonorum, bonis. Bona; bona; bonam; bonae; bonae; bonae, bonas, bonarum, boni, Bonum; bonum; boni; bono; Bona, bona, bonabonorum, bonis.

9. In translating the Adjectives, they agree with the nouns it qualifies in NUMBER, GENDER, CASE. Examples: the good boy praises the good girls-Puer bonus pullam bonam laudat. The strong farmer gives water to the long plants-agricola validus aquam longis plantis dat. (The Adjectives are placed in Latin sentences after the nouns they qualify).

10. The noun standing after English words "IS. ARE' and referring to the Subject is put in the SAME CASE as the Subject. Example: Britain is an island- Britannia is insula (Nominative case).

11. Most adjectives are normally placed UafterU the noun it qualifies; but those that signify AMOUNT are normally placed before the noun. Examples: The small island- Insula parva; Many fields-Multi agri.

12. When we say: There are islands- it means the islands are. So in Latin such introductory 'there' the equivalent word is missing. Example: There are plants in the garden-Plantae in agro sunt.

13. Ablative of Agent: Takes the Preposition a, Ab. It is used when active power is applied. Example: Taurum Ab (agricola) neratur-the bull is wounded by the farmer.

Ablative of does not take any Preposition: Example- Agricola gladio vulneratur.

Translate into Latin: a) The slaves are timid. (b) The wings of the eagle are strong. (c) The workman's knife is sharp (d) The shields of the Romans are long (e) The great queen gives wide fields to the farmer.

Translate into English: (a) Regina multos librors filiae tenerae dat. (b) Bella oppidis prosperis non grata sunt. (c) Pueros parvos nauta validus cultro terret (terrifies). (d) Tauri feri in agrum currunt (run). (e) Servus templa parva puellae timidae monstrat (shows).

THIRD DECLENSION:

The latin words of the Third Declension are divided into TWO KINDS:

Parisyllable and Imperisyllab

i. Paryisyllable words those which have the SAME NUMBER OF SYLLABLES both in the Nominative and Genitive singular cases. Example: Nom. Civis; Genetive-Civis (c) Avis-Avis (f) bird. Clavis-clavis (m) key.

ii. Imperisyllable words have ONE MORE SYLLABLE in the genitive case then the Nominative case. Example: Dux-due is (c) leader; Iudex-iudieis (c) judge; Rex-regis(m) king.

iii. Imperisylllable words are UM ending in the Genetive plural, while the Perisyllabic words end in IUM in the Genitive plural. i.e Imperisyllabic: Duxducis-Gen.Plur. is Ducum. Perisyllabic:Civis-civis-Gen.Plur.Civium.

iv. Both Imperisyllabic and Perisyllabic Words may be in all Genders. i.e Mascyllabic and perisyllabic Words may be in all Genders. i.e. Masculine Consul-consulis(m) consul; Lux-luc 9s (f) light; Tempus-pemporis (n) time(IMperisyllabic) Pisc is-piscis (m) fish; Avis-avis(f) bird; rete-retis(n) net.

Conjugation of Latin Verbs:

i. Latineverb has Four Moods . Usually Indicative, Infinitive, Imperative and Subjunctive.

ii. Latine verbs have four principal parts: (a) Present Indicative (1st person singular) (b) Present perfect (1st person singular) (c) Infinitive

iii. Supine- i.e Amo, (present Ind). Amare (Infinitive), Amavi(present perfect 1st person singular) Amatum (usually meaning as infinitive). They are called PRINCIPAL PARTS Because they form the Root (Stem) to conjugate in different tenses and moods.

iv. From the present stem present indicative; Imperfect Indicative; Present Future Indicative; Imperative; Peresent Subjunctive; Imperfect Subjunctive; Gerund; Gerundive; Present Participle are formed.

v. All the perfect tenses in all the moods are formed from the perfect Stem.

vi. Perfect participle and future participles are formed from the supine.

Examples: Present Stem: am-o, am-0, as, at etc.; am-abam, a bas, abat; am-abo, abis, abit; am-a, ate; am-em, es, et; Infinitive Stem: amare-m, s, t (Imperf. Subjunct.).

Perfect Stem: All the Perfect Active tenses are from the erfect Stem. Example: Amiv- i, isti, it; amav-eram, eras, erat; etc.

Supine Stem: amatm-amat-us, ta, tum; amat-urus, ura, um etc.

Third Declension:

As usual the stem of the 3rd Decl. word is obtained from the Genetive Case. Samples are given before.

Nominative	Sing	Masc	Plural	Sing	Neut	Plural	Sing.	Fem.	Plural
Nom	Consul		Consul-es	Fulgur		Fulgur-a	Avis		Av-es
Voc			Consul-es	Fulgur		Fulgur	Avis		Av-es
Acc	Consul-Em		Consul-es	Fulgur		Fulgur	Avis-em		Av-es
Genit	Consul-Is		Consul-um	Fulgur-is		Fulgur	Av-is		Av-ium
Dat	Consul-I		Consul-ibus	Fulgur-i		Fulgur	Av-i		Av-ibus
Abl	Consul-E		Consul-ibus	Fulgur-e		Fulgur	Av-e		Av-ibus

	Sing	Neut.	Plural	NOTA BENE: Consulis(m) Consul; Fulgur-Fulgur are Imparisyllabic Words, have Gen. Plur in UM. -Avis-Avis(f) birdd; Mare-Maris(n) sea are Parisyllabic Words, have Gen. Plur. in IUM.
Nom.	Mare		Mar-ia
Voc.	Mare		Mar-ia
Acc.	Mare		Mar-ia
Gen.	Mar-is		Mar-ium
Dat.	Mar-i		Mar-ibus
Abl	Mar-i		Mar-ibus

EXCEPTION

IMPARISYLLABIC WORDS; TAKING THE GEN. PLUR. IN IUM.

Ars- artis (f) art	Mons-montis (m) mountain
Cor-cordis (n) heart	Mores-Mortis (f) death
Dens-dentis (m) tooths	Nox-noctis (f) night
Fons-fontis 9m)spring/fountain	Os-ossis (n) bone
Gens-gentis (f) tribe/nation	Pars-partis (f) part
Infans-infantis (m) infant	Pons-Pontis (m) bridge
	Urbs-urbis (f) city
Mens-mentis (f) mind	Mas-maris (m) male
Fraus-fraudis (f) fraud	Nix-nibis (f) snow
Lis-litis (f) quarrel
Vis-viris (f) strenth

EXCEPTION

PARISYLLABIC WORDS:

The following Parisyll. have IU in accusative Sing. and I in Abl. Sing.

Febris-febris (f) fever-febrim	Turrus-turris (f) tower-Turrim
Puppis-puppis (f) stern-puppim	Tussis-tussis (f) cough-Tussim
Sitis-sitis (f) thirst-sitim	Titeris-Tiberis (m) The Tiber river-Tiberi
Securis-securis (f) axe-securim

The folowing Parisyll. have IM in the Gen. Plural.

Canis (canis (m) dog-Canum	Mater-matris (f) mother-mstrum
Frather-Fratris (m) brother-Fratrum	Pater-Patris (m) father-Fatrum
Iuvenis-iuvenis (m) youngman-Iuvenum	Senex-senis (m) old man-Senum.

GENDERS THE 3RD DECLENSION:

1. The names of men and male animale are Masc. Names of women and female animals are Fem. Exception:- Vulper-vulpis (f) wolf

2. The masculine words usually end in -ER, OR, OS For Example-Agger-aggeris(m) mound; rampart; Mos-moris (m) custom; Dolor-doloris (m) sorrow, pain, grief.

Exception: Arbor-arboris (f) tree; Dos-dotis (f) dowry; Iter-itineris (n) journey; Ver-veris (n) spring (season); Cor-cordis (r) heart; Os-oris (n) mouth; Os-ossis (n) bone

3. The Feminine words usually end in *AS, -Aus, -Es, -Is, -O, -X for example

Exception: Pes-pedis 9M0 foot; Collis-collis (m) nill;Ignis-ignis (m) fire; Lapis-lapidis (m) stone; Mensis-mensis (m) month; orbis-irbis (m) circle; Panis-panis (m) bread; Piscis-piscis (m) fish; Pulvis-pulveris (m) dust; Sanguis-sanguinis (m) blood; Finis-finis (m) end, boundary; ordo-ordinis (m) order; Sermo-sermonis (m) conversation; Calix-calicis (m) chalice; Grex-gregis (m) flock; herd; Dens-dentis (m) tooth; Fons-fontis (m) fountain, well; Mons-montis (m) mountain; Pons-pontis (m) bridge

4. The Neuter words usually end in -C, -L, -A, -N, -E, -T, -AR, -UR, -US: Example

Example: Lac-actis (n) milk, Animal-animaleis (n) animal; Poema-poematis (n) Poem;

Nomen-nominis (n) name; Mare-maris (n) sea; Caput-capitis (n) head;, Exemplar-exemplaris (n) examplem model; Fulgur-fulguris (n) lightnig; Corpus-corporis (n) body.

EXCEPTIONS: Sol-solis (m) sun; Sal-salis (m) salt; Mus-muris (m) mouse, rat; Iuventus-iuventutis (f) youth; Salus-salutis (f) salvation; Seneetus-seneetutis (f) old age; Vervbitus-servitis (f) slavary Virtus-virtutis (f) virtue, courage.

Some words of the 3rd Declension:- Aer-aeris (m) air; Amor-amoris(m) love; Calor-caloris(m) heat; Carcer-carceris (m) prison; Cinis-cineris(m) ash; Color-coloris(m) colour; Creator-creatoris (m) creator; Custos-custodis(m) guard.

LESSON-2

RULES FOR TRANSLATION ENGLISH INTO LATIN

1. The article is lacking in Latin. It has no words for a, an, or the; Mensa means table or a table or the table.

2. Order of Words: In arranging the words in a Latin sentence put the verb last. Puella casam laudat.

3. The Genitive Case is often translated by of or 's. Puellae-girl's . The Dative Case is often translated by to or for. or of girl puellae- to the girl or for the girrl.

4. The verb must agree with its subject in number and person. The girl praises- Puella laudat; The girls praise-Puellae laucant.

5. By, with from or in are often used to translate the ABLATIVE. Puella- by the girl, with the girl, from the girl, in the girl.

6. When an English vereb is made negative it is often broken up into two words. The farmer praises the land. The farmer does not praise the land. In translating such sentences remember that the berb does praise is represented in Latin by one word. The sentence really means the farmer praises not the land. Agricola terram non laudat.

7. The Latin preopsition IN means both IN and INTO. In meaning IN i is followed by the ABLATIVE. The farmer is in the field-agricola in agro est.

The Latin preposition INTO is followed by ACCUSATIVE. The farmer runs into the field-Agricola in agrum currit.

In meaning rest rest in a place is followed by the ABLATIVE and In meaning motion towards a place is followed by the ACCUSATIVE.

8. The noun standing after IS, ARE, etc. and referring to the Subject is put in the same case as the Subject, i.e. the Nominative case. Britain is an island-Britannia est insula.

9. The adjective agrees with its noun in NUMBER, GENDER and CASE. Thus-puellam bonan domino, poeta claro. Acc. Case-pullam bonan, Dat. case domino bono, Abl. Case poeta claro.

10. Most Adjectives in Latin are normally placed after the noun; but those that signify amount are normally placed before the noun. A small cottage, casa parva (after the noun); Many fields, M ulti agri (before noun).

11. When we say the island is small, the adjective small tells what sort of island just as if we said a small island, and it must agree with island.

The island is small- Insula parva est.

The islands are small-Insulae parvae sunt.

12. There are boys in the garden is merely another way of saying Boys are in the garden. In such expressions There does not denote place, and it is omitted in Latin. There are boys in the garden- In horto sunt pueri.

13. The Ablative of the Agent (Person) requires the prposition A or AB. Agent; The farmer is wounded by the soldier- Agricola a milite vulneratur.

14. TIME When is expressed by the ABLATIVE without preposition.

(a) In winter the sailor fear storms- Hiems nauta tempestates timet. Similarly Aestate- in summer, Nocte-at night or by night.

(b) Time- How Long- is expressed by the accusative withut preposition: When- In winter the sailor fears storms- Hieme nauta tempestates timet.

How Long- For many years he live in Italy- Multos annos in Italis vixit.

15. (a) Some Adjectives are used as Substantives to expresse persons or things. Sapuebs- a wise man, Divites- The rich (men), Omnia- all things, Boni- the good, Nostri-our men, Bona-goods.

(b) Neuter Adjectives are used for ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVES: Verun- or Vera- the truth; Bona- good thins

16. All comperatives are declined, as consonant stems like FORTIOR (Masc. and Fem.) Fortius (neut), P.39; all superlatives like bonus-a um., All Superlatives like BONUS-A-UM.

17. In comparing one thing with another, the conjunctions Quam is used in the same way as than in English. Things compared by QUAM must be in in the same case. This can be easily shown if we complete the sentence. Thus: The earth is larger than the moon is . Hominateve to is (understood). Terra major est quam luna (Nom, rest is omitted.

18. When two persons or things are directly compared (i.e. when the comparative adjective agrees with the first ofthem) an ABLATIVE of COMPARISON many be used instead of Quam followed by Nominative or Accusative.

The sailor is stronger than the soldier- Nauta validior est quam miles or nauta milite validier est.

19. When More and Most are used with Adjectives they merely indicate the comparative and superlative degrees, and are not translated (as a rule) by a separate word e.g. more beautiful-pulcharior.

20. Comparatives and Superlatives can be translated in several ways:-

a) Fortior means braver or rather brave or too brave.

b) Fortissimus means bravest or very brave.

21. Latin uses the Superlative much more freely than the English. Thus The brave leader was killed could be translated the very brave leader, etc. Dux fortissimus occisusest.

22. When word Much, More, Most are used with a noun in the singular number, the neuter nouns Multum, Plus, Plurimum are used, with the deponent noun in the Genetive.

Much money- Multum pecuniae

More bravery- Plus fortitudinis

More daughters- Plurus filiae

23. When You refers to one person it must be translated in Latin by TU, and the corresponding Singular verb must be used. i.e : Oh my son, you are sick- Fili mi, tu es aeger.

24. NOSTRUM, of us and VESTRUM, of you, can only be used when a number is referred to. NOSTRI, of us and VESTRI, of you, are used in other cases.

Many of us - Multi mostrum.

He is mindful of us- Memor nostri est.

25. Translation of IT and THEY In Latin IT and They may be masculine, feminine or neuter, according to the gender of the word they stand for. Thus;-

It standing for field, Ager(Masc.) Is

It standing for Spear, Hasta (fem.) Ea

It standing for War, Bellum (Neut.) IT.

26. IS, EA, ID: IS Actually demonstrative Adjective and Pronoun, meaning That, plural Those

At that time- Eo tempore. (Adj)

In those times- Eis temporibus (Adj)

That is- Id est. (Pronoun)

27. The possessive Adjective is normally placed after its noun: Our Father- Pater Noster. But the Vocative Singular masculine Mi always stand first: my friend- Mi amice.

28. Suns can only be used:

(a) when it refers to the subject of the clause in which it stands:- i.e. The king praises his soldiers- Rex milites suos laudat.

(b) When HIS, HER or THEIR do not stand for the subject of the sentence the words EIUS, EORUM, EARUM, EARUM are used. i.e " I praise her daughters- Eius filias laudo. (here I is the subject of the sentence; her cannot stand for I, and so we translate, I praise the daughters OF THAT (women)."

29. In Latin there is no separate continuous form of the tenses. Amo means I love and I am loving.

30. The Subject Pronouns of verbs are not expressed unless they are very emphatic. (we) love- Amamus.

31. The imperfect Tense, e.g. amabm, besides meaning I was loving Continuous), also means I used-to-love.

32. Meanings of the Perfect Tense:

(a) The Perfect tense has two meanings, corresponding to the English Present Perfect. ( I have loved) and the English past simple ( I loved). Amavi- I have love or I loved.

(b) When I loved is made negative is becomes I did not love. I did not love means I loved not, and did love must be translated generally by the perfect tense. Men amavi- I did not love, I have not loved.

33. The Imperfect Subjunctive can always be found by adding the endings- ..m. ..s etc., to the present Infinitive. Amarem- I might love, Amares- You might love.

34. The Present Subjunctive:

(a) The Present Subjunctive is often translated by the English May; The Imperfect Subjunctive by Might (or should); the Perfect Subjunctive by May have; and the Pluperfect Subjunctive is often used when the corresponding English is Indicative. Laudem- I may have loved. Amavissem- I might or should have loved.

(b) In clauses of purpose that is translated in Latin by UT (-that) No- that not.

i) He praises the soldier that he may fight well- Militem laudat ut bene pugnet

ii) He praises the soldier that he may not fight badly- Milites laudat no male pugnet.

(c) In negative clauses of purpose Lest ... is sometimes used instead of that... not. Lest is translated by No and always takes the Subjunctiive. He fights that he may conquer- Pugnat ut vincat. He fights lest the enemy evercomes us- Pugnet hostes nos superet.

(d) The tense used in the Subjunctive always depends on the tense of the principal verb. For this purpose all tenses are divided into two classes:

i) Tenses which do not refer to the Past often called PRIMARY PENSES;

ii) Tenses which do refer to the Past, called Historic or Past Tenses.

Primary Tenses	Historic Tenses
Present	Imperfect
Furtue Simple	Pluperfect
Perfect (meaning present perfect in English)	Perfect (meaning past simple in English)

35. Sequense of Tenses: In clauses of purposes the present Subjunctive is used after primary Tenses; the Imperfect Subjunctive is used after Historic Tenses.

(a) He fights that he may conquer- Pagnat ut vincaat.

(b) He gought that he might conquer-Pugnavit ut viaisset.

36. Since the perfect Indicative has two meanings, it can be followed by either present subjucntive or imprfect subjunctive, according to the sense.

(a) He has fought that he may conquer-Pugnavit ut vincat.

(b) He fought that he might conquer-Pugnavit ut superaret.

37. The Imperative Mood:

(a) The Iperative Mood expresses a Command,

(b) In all Negative Commands the words for not is NE. A Negative is often called a Prohibition

2. Praise the king- Regem lauda.

3. Do not praise the king- No regem laudaveris

(d) What the Comand is 1st or 3rd Person it is translated by the present subjunctive.

2. Let us praise the king- Regem laudemus.

3. Let him not hasten- Ne festinet.

38. Whenever an English Infinitive is praceded by IN Order, or whenever "In order" can be inserted before an English Infinitive it expressess purposes, and must be translated by a clause of purpose in Latin,

2. He was preparing wood ( in order) to build a house -Materian parabat ut domum aedificaret.

39. When two nouns of similar meaning (denoting things which ofterngo together) are joined by and, QUE is used instead of ET, and it is joined on to the end of the second noun. Flowers and trees- Floeres arboresque.

2. He gives me money- He gives money to me. After verbs like give, we offer, et, etc. to (used to translate the Datire case) if often omitted in English. In Latin the Dative must be used such cases.

3. He gives the boy money (he gives money to the boy)- Puere pecuniam dat.

40. En English IF is followed by the present even when the future is really meants. In Latin SI must be followed by the future perfect or future whenever the future is meant.

2. If he overcomes the enemy, SI hostes superavit, all men will praise him- cum laudabunt. N.B The same Rule appliese to NIST, If not unless.

41. Certain verbs take the Dative Case in Latin, although they have an accusative in English. Common examples of these are: Pareo- I obey, Placeo- I please, Noceo- I injure, Displicee- I displease, The soldier obeys the leader-Miles duci paret.

42. When TO means motion Towards a place or person, it is translated by the preposition AD with Accusative. He sends the hostages to Caesar- Obsides ad Caesarem mittit.

43. FOUR YEARS drop the E of the imperative singular, viz. dico, I say; duce- I read; facio- I make; fere- I carry; The Imperative singular is therefore Dic; Due; Fac; Fer.

44. To walk is pleasant means to walk is a pleasant (thing). The Infinitive, used as noun, is always Neuter.

(a) To walk is pleasant- Ambulare iucundum est;

(b) The Latin Infinitive being a Verb Noun may be used: (a) as Subject (b) as object of a verb.

(i) To praise is pleasanter than to blame- Iucundius est Laudare quam culpare. (subject)

(j) The soldier prepares to fight- Miles pugnare parat.

45. After Verbs of Ask ing, commanding and advising the English Infinitive is used as an Object, to express an Indirect Command; but in Latin a Clause is used that exactly resembles a clause of purpose.

i.e. I ask the boy to read- Puerum rogo ut legat., He asked the boy not to hasten- Puerum regavit me festinaret.

46. The Latin present participles is drive from the present-tem by the changes shown in the follwing table:

1st	ame	mans, ntis
2nd	means	monons, netis
3rd	rege	regens, entis ruling
4th	Audio	audiens, entis hearing

47. The Ltine Present participle used as an adjective is declined like prudent, prudentis. i.e Ablative I, Genitive plural IUM, Neuter Plural IA. It must agree with the word referred to in number under and case.

(a) The boy while walking is the wood, - Puer, in silvis

(b) heard the birds singing- Ambulans aves cantantess audivit.

48. The Latin Future Participle is derived from the supine-stem by changing the M into RUS. It is an adjective of three terminations, seclined like Benus-Bona-Bonum.

1st	amo	amat-um	amaturus (about to love)
2nd	monee	monit-um	monit-urus-(about to advise)
3rd	rego	rect-um	rect-urus- (about to rule)
4th	Audio	audit-um	audis-urus-(about to hear)

so, the deltum, deleturus; missum, aissurus, vinctum, vincturus- (about to bind)

49. The Latin Future Participle is used predicatively in the Nominative in agrtement with the subject of the verb' to be'

(a) The girl is going to walk in the wood-Puella in silva ambulatura est.

(b) They were about to descend on ot the plain- I campum descenduri arant.

N.B Its accusative is also used predicatively as part of the future infinitive in the accusative and infinitive costruction

They say that the enemies are about to waste our homeland- Dicnt Hestes patrian nostran vastaturui sunt.

50. Present and Future Participles of transitive verbs can govern their own objects.

(a) He heard the soldiers announcing the victory- Milites victerian nuntiantee audivit.

(b) The girl is going to give flowers it her sister-Puella sorori fleros datura est.

N.B: Similarly with the verbs that govern the Dative case. We are not going to injure you-vabis nocituri non sumus.

51. The Verb'To Be' takes the same case after it as before it when the same thing is meant.

(a) The men are sailes- Viri sunt nautae.

52. When the subject consists of two or more nouns referring to persons. or two or more pronoun, or a noun and a pronoun joined by and, the verb is plural.

(a) My father and mother have Come-Pater et mater mea venerunt.

53. If a Composite Subject (i.e two or more nouns or two or more pronouns, or nouns and pronouns joined by and) comprises different persons, the verb is plural and agrees in person with the 1st person rather than the 2nd, and person rather than with the 3rd. You and I (we) are glad-Eng et tu laeti sumus.

54. Order of pronouns- In Latin the 1st person stand before the 2nd person or 3rd; The 2nd stands before the 3rd, i.e pronouns and nouns stand inorder their Person. You and I-Ege et tu; My king and I-Eng et rex meus.

55. The Latin present tense of the passive means that the action is still going on, not completed. Thus: Puer laudature- the boy is being praised.

56. The Latin perfect participale passive is obtained by changing the -M of the supine into- S . i.e. Amo am-atum am-atus baiing been loved. -- culp- culp-atum culp-atus having been blamed.

57. The perfect tenses of the passive voice are made up of the perfect participle and the verb SUM.

Latin	English
Amatus est	He has been loved
Puella amata est	The girl has been loved.
Consilium laudatum est	The plan was been praised.
Pueri amati sunt	The girls have been loved
Consilia laudata sunt	The plans have been praised

N.B. As scripsit means he has written or he wrote, the same way the passive meaning may be- Epistatola scripta est- The letter has been written or the letter was written.

58. The perfect participale passive is often used as an ordinary adjective, without the verb SUM, to describe or distinguish a noun with which it must agree in NUMBER, GENDER and CASE.

English	Latin
Girls, adorned with flowers	Puellae, fleribus ornatae
Were carrying the statue into the temple	Statuam in tempum pertabant.

N.B: Order of words: In phrases like aderned with flowers place the participle at the end of the phrase, and place the whole phrase immediately after the word it qualifies. In the above sentence we see-puellae, fleribus ernatae is place immediately after the noun girls which ernatae qualifies.

59. A participle used in this way very often correspondends to a complete clause or sentence in English.

English	Latin
The citizens of the city which had been streamed were in great danger	Civas urbis expugnatae in magne pericule erant.

60. Intransitive verbs which have the dative as their only object can only be used Impersonally in the passive.

English	Latin
The masters are obeyed by the boy	Magistre a puere paretyr.
The tree has been injured	Arberi nocitum est.

N.B : Impersonal verbs have only the third person singular of each tense, an infinitive and a gerund. They do not have the personal subject in the nominative. If the verb is used into the perfect-tensetenses passive the participle is always Neutter.

61. CM, when, it followed by the Indicative in reference to present or future time; i.e. when its verb is in any primary tenses.

English	Latin
When you read this, write back.	Cumhace legeris, (here legeris is future perfect - describe. Indicative).
The tree has been injured	Arberi nocitum est.

62. Ipse, Ipsa, Ipsus, meaning self, plral seles, is an intensive adjective. It may agree with a noun, like any oher adjective; and it may also agreee with a personal pronoun, iether expressed or understood. In agreement with a noun ipse represents himself, itself, themselves, when these :

English	Latin
The kind himself came	Rex ipse venit
These are the words of the kinghimself	Hace sunt regis ipsius verba

63. (a) The usual word for the demonstrative that is IS. EA, ID

(b) Hie means this near me, and it is contrasted with Ile.

(d) Iste, Ista, istud means that near you, and it is often used contemptuously.

64. When Ile and Hic are used correclatively Ille means that furthest away, i.e. the former: Hic means that whcih is nearest, i.e the latter.

65. The Relative Pronoun always stand at the beginning of its clause; the relative clause is frequently placed close to its antecedent.

English	Latin
The fire that the soldier prepares delights the leader	Ignis quen miles parat ducem delectat

66. To er for whom is in the Dative case; of whom or whose is in the Genitive case.

67. When that plural those is the antecedent of a relative pronoun use Is, EA, Id and not Ille, Illa, Illud.

68. In

Ø The citizens of the city which - cives urbis

69.

(a) He has been leved

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Latin Grammer

1. Latin Alphabets

2. Pronunciation

3. Syllables

4. Accentuation

5. Diphthongs

6. Double Consonants:

Latin Nouns

1. Latin nouns have different endings to show the relation in which they stand to other words in the sentence. Thus:- means means table, mensae means or the table, mensarum- of the tables

D a t i v e C a s e

EXCEPTION

EXCEPTION

RULES FOR TRANSLATION ENGLISH INTO LATIN

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